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Software Project Management Complexities 95 Responsibilities of a Software Project Manager 96 3.2.1 Job Responsibilities for Managing Software Projects 96 3.2.2 Skills Necessary for Managing Software Projects 97 Project Planning 97 3.3.1 Sliding Window Planning 98 3.3.2 The SPMP Document of Project Planning 99 Metrics for Project Size Estimation 100 3.4.1 Lines of Code (LOC) 100 3.4.2 Function Point (FP) Metric 102 Project Estimation Techniques 107 3.5.1 Empirical Estimation Techniques 108 3.5.2 Heuristic Techniques 108 3.5.3 Analytical Estimation Techniques 108Įmpirical Estimation Techniques 109 3.6.1 Expert Judgement 109 3.6.2 Delphi Cost Estimation 109 3.7 COCOMO-A Heuristic Estimation Technique 110 3.7.1 Basic COCOMO Model 110 3.7.2 Intermediate COCOMO 116 3.7.3 Complete COCOMO 117 3.7.4 COCOMO 2 117 3.8 Halstead’s Software Science-An Analytical Technique 122 3.8.1 Length and Vocabulary 123 3.8.2 Program Volume 123 3.8.3 Potential Minimum Volume 123 3.8.4 Effort and Time 124 3.8.5 Length Estimation 124 3.9 Staffing Level Estimation 125 3.9.1 Norden’s Work 126 3.9.2 Putnam’s Work 127 3.9.3 Jensen’s Model 129 3.10 Scheduling 129 3.10.1 Work Breakdown Structure 130 3.10.2 Activity Networks 132 3.10.3 Critical Path Method (CPM) 134 3.10.4 PERT Charts 136 3.10.5 Gantt Charts 137 3.11 Organisation and Team Structures 139 3.11.1 Organisation Structure 139 3.11.2 Team Structure 142 3.12 Staffing 145 3.13 Risk Management 147 3.13.1 Risk Management Approaches 147 3.13.2 Risk Identification 148 3.13.3 Risk Assessment 149 3.13.4 Risk Mitigation 149 3.13.5 Boehm’s Top 10 Risks and Counter Measures 151 3.14 Software Configuration Management 152 3.14.1 Necessity of Software Configuration Management 152 3.14.2 Configuration Management Activities 153 Summary 156 Exercises 156Ĥ. List of Figures xv Preface xix Preface to the First Edition xxiĮvolution-From an Art Form to an Engineering Discipline 4 1.1.1 Evolution of an Art into an Engineering Discipline 4 1.1.2 Evolution Pattern for Engineering Disciplines 4 1.1.3 A Solution to the Software Crisis 6 1.2 Software Development Projects 7 1.2.1 Programs versus Products 7 1.2.2 Types of Software Development Projects 8 1.2.3 Software Projects Being Undertaken by Indian Companies 10 1.3 Exploratory Style of Software Development 10 1.3.1 Perceived Problem Complexity: An Interpretation Based on Human Cognition Mechanism 12 1.3.2 Principles Deployed by Software Engineering to Overcome Human Cognitive Limitations 15 1.4 Emergence of Software Engineering 18 1.4.1 Early Computer Programming 19 1.4.2 High-level Language Programming 19 1.4.3 Control Flow-based Design 19 1.4.4 Data Structure-oriented Design 23 1.4.5 Data Flow-oriented Design 23 1.4.6 Object-oriented Design 24 1.4.7 What Next? 25 1.4.8 Other Developments 26 1.5 Notable Changes in Software Development Practices 26 1.6 Computer Systems Engineering 28 Summary 29 Exercises 30 vĪ Few Basic Concepts 36 Waterfall Model and Its Extensions 40 2.2.1 Classical Waterfall Model 40 2.2.2 Iterative Waterfall Model 48 2.2.3 V-Model 52 2.2.4 Prototyping Model 53 2.2.5 Incremental Development Model 56 2.2.6 Evolutionary Model 58 2.3 Rapid Application Development (RAD) 60 2.3.1 Working of RAD 61 2.3.2 Applicability of RAD Model 62 2.3.3 Comparison of RAD with Other Models 63 2.4 Agile Development Models 64 2.4.1 Essential Idea behind Agile Models 65 2.4.2 Agile versus Other Models 66 2.4.3 Extreme Programming Model 67 2.4.4 Scrum 70 2.4.5 Lean Software Development 73 2.5 Spiral Model 74 2.5.1 Phases of the Spiral Model 76 2.6 A Comparison of Different Life Cycle Models 77 2.6.1 Selecting an Appropriate Life Cycle Model for a Project 78 Summary 79 Exercises 80 2, Phase IV, HSIDC, Kundli-131028, Sonepat, Haryana.
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Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. ISBN-978-93-8 (Print Book) 978-93-8 (e-Book) The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. RAJIB MALL Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology KharagpurįUNDAMENTALS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Fifth Edition Rajib Mall © 2018 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi.